In human genetics, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup
None of the sampling done by research studies shown here would qualify as true random sampling, and thus any percentages of haplogroup G provided country by country are only rough approximations of what would be found in the full population. There is evidence, however, that most authors tried to obtain samples primarily from persons with histories of long residences in the locale sampled.
In 46 samples taken in Algeria, 2% were found to be G. SNP testing was not done, but this one sample was predicted G based on haplotype. When originally tested for SNPs, G was not an available test.[1]
Of 100 samples from Fons in Benin, 0% were G.[2]
Of 85 samples taken among the Bamileke of southern Cameroon none were G, and likewise there were no G samples found among 14 Bantus there.[2]
Of 147 samples from among Egyptians in Egypt (2004), 9% were G.[2] And in a 2009 study, among 116 Egyptians, 6.9% were G.[3]
Among 17 Jews of Ethiopia, none were found to be G.[4] These men were apparently living in Israel at the time of the study.
Among 282 samples within 7 populations of Guinea-Bissau 0% were G.[5]
Of 28 samples from Bantus in Kenya, 0% were G.[2]
A survey of the population of Libya based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but a close approximation for the population in Tripoli in the western part of the country based on the STR markers of 63 samples from there in the YHRD database[6] indicates 7.9% are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[7] Of 20 Jews of Libya, 10% were found to be G.[4] These men seemingly were then living in Israel.
Among 133 samples from Madagascar, none were reported as G. Of these, 124 samples came from the southeastern coast, and 9 were from the north central highlands.[8]
In 147 samples taken in Morocco, 1% were found to be G.[1]
In another study 1% of 312 samples in Morocco were G.[9]
Another study gathered samples only from hamlets in Morocco's Azgour Valley, where none of 33 samples were determined G.[10] These hamlets were selected because they were felt to be typically Berber in composition.
A study of 20 Moroccan Jews found 30% were G.[4] The tested men were then apparently living in Israel. Another study of Jewish men found 19.3% of 83 Jewish men from Morocco belonged to haplogroup G.[11]
Of 69 samples taken in Rwanda among the Hutus and 94 among the Tutsis, 0% were G.[2]
Of 138 samples taken in 3 populations within the island nation of São Tomé and Príncipe, none were G.[12]
Of 445 samples taken among 15 different populations in Sudan, none were reported as G.[13]
Of 43 samples from Wairaks in Tanzania, 0% were G.[2]
In 139 samples taken in Tunisia, 0% were found to be G.[1]
In another study 0% of 52 samples were G.[9]
In 29 samples taken among the Saharawi in Western Sahara, 0% were found to be G.[1]
Among 166 samples from Cyprus, 13.3% were G.[9]
Among 139 samples taken in Iraq, 2.2% were found to be G.[14]
One study sampled 20 Iraqi Jews (apparently living in Israel), and 10% were found to be G2a (P15+).[4] Another study of Iraqi Jews found 10.1% of 79 men were G.[11]
Among 738 Jews in Israel 9.8% were found to be G. The G2a (P15+) types were in the majority, with G2c being the next most common type.[15]
Among the Islamic Druze, G was found in 4% of 37 samples on the Golan Heights; in 14% of 183 samples in the Galilee; and in 12% of 35 samples in the Carmel.[16] Another study which sampled 20 Druze men apparently living in Israel, none had the G mutation.[4]
Among Palestinians apparently living in Israel, 75% of 20 samples were found to be G2a (P15+).[4] In the same study, among Samaritans in Israel none of 12 samples was G. In the CEPH-HDGP "Central Israel" Palestinian sample (n=17), 59% (10) were G. These were G2a3b-P303. "Central Israel Palestnians" are very likely to be the Abu Ghosh Palestinian clan of the Jerusalem region, who accepted Israeli citizenship in 1948. This clan is known to have be of Circassian origin from the Caucasus.
A study of 329 Druze men found 12.5% were haplogroup G.[11] This study was not confined to Israel, but was probably mostly Israeli.
Among 273 samples taken in Jordan, 5.5% were G.[3]
In another study, 5.9% of 101 Jordanian samples at Amman were G, and 0% of 45 samples in the Dead Sea area in Jordan were G.[17]
In 42 samples taken in Kuwait, 2.4% were G.[3]
In a study confined to Bedouin tribes of Kuwait, among 148 samples 3.4% were G. Most of these were found among the Aniza. All these were G2a (P15+).[18]
In 916 samples from Lebanon, 6% were G.[19]
In 29 samples from another study among the Druze in Lebanon, none were G in contrast to significant percentages of G among them in Syria and Israel.[16]
Of 121 samples taken among Arabs of Oman, 2% were G.[2]
Among 291 samples taken in Palestine 8.9% were G.[9]
In 72 samples taken in Qatar, 2.8% were G. All were G2a (P15+).[20]
Among 22 samples taken in Saudi Arabia, 4.5% were G.[21]
Among 356 samples taken in Syria, 4.8% were G.[3]
In another study of Syria, 5.5% of 200 samples were G.[9] In yet another study, 3.5% of 87 Syrian samples were G.[21]
In another study, among 26 samples taken among the Druze in Syria 14% were G.[16]
Among 523 samples from Turkey, 9.2% were G.[22] The G1/G1a samples were found only among the northeastern Turkey samples. The single G2c* was found in Kars Province in the far northeast. Of the 9.2% G total, the G samples were found in each of the following subgroups: (a) G2c*(M377+ M283-) n=1; (b) G1* (M342+) n=1; (c) G1a (P20+) n=4; (d) G2a* (P15+) n=37; (e) G2a1 (P16+) n=5; and (f) G2b (M286+) n=1.
Among 87 Kurmanji-speaking Kurds in southeastern Turkey, 2.3% were found to be G. And among 27 Zazaki-speaking Kurds in the same area, 3.7% were G.[23]
A 2008 doctoral dissertation[24] that sampled 140 men in four towns in central Turkey found 4 of 49 men at Merkez were G2, 1 of 30 at Eskikoy, and none of 31 and 30 men respectively at Dogukoy and Gocmankoy were G2. However, the author only applied prediction software to STR samples to determine the haplogroups. He concluded that the genetic diversity found suggests "multiple ancestral populations contributed to the genetic make-up of the area." One G2 man had known origins in northeastern Turkey.
In 164 samples taken in the United Arab Emirates, 4.2% were G. The majority were of the G1 type.[20]
In 62 samples taken in Yemen, 1.6% were G. All were G2a (P15+).[20]
In another study that concentrated on the island of Soqotra, none of 63 samples was G.[25]
In another study among 20 Jewish Yemenis, 5% were G2a (P15+) and another 5% were G1 (M285+).[4] These men were apparently then living in Israel. A 2010 study of Jewish men found 0% of 74 Jewish men from Yemen were haplogroup G.[11]
Among 100 samples taken in Armenia for a 2003 study,[26] 11% were G. And a 2011 study.[27] found 11% of 57 Armenian samples were G1 and 11% G2a.
A study that concentrated on Jewish men found 21% of 57 Jewish men from Armenia were haplogroup G.[11]
Among 72 samples taken in Azerbaijan 18% were G.[26]
In a study that concentrated on the Talysh of the southern tip of Azerbaijan, 3% of 40 samples were found to be G.[28]
A study that sampled Jews from Azerbaijan found 16% of 57 men were haplogroup G.[11]
Among 61 samples taken in Georgia (2001), 30% were G.[29] Among 77 samples taken in Georgia (2003), 31% were G.[26] Georgia has the highest percentage of G among the general population recorded in any country. Among 66 samples taken in Georgia (2009), 31.6% were G2a (P15+).[30] Of this 31.6% figure, 1.5% were G2a3a (M406+), and the remainder were unspecified other types of G2a.
Among 25 Kurmanji-speaking Kurds in Georgia, 0% were found to be G.[23]
Some countries recognize Abkhazia and South Ossetia as part of Georgia; others do not. In Abkhazia 55% of 60 samples were found to be G as listed in a 2009 presentation by Khadizhat Dibirova.[31] In a 2011 study,[27] 47% of 162 Abkhazians were found G2a. In South Ossetia 48% of 10 samples were found G2a. G1 was absent from both locations. Another 2011 study[32] found among 58 Abkhazians that 12% were G2a1a (P18), 21% were G2a3b1 (P303) and 24% other G2a (P15)
In a study of Jewish men, 4.8% of 62 Jewish men from Georgia were haplogroup G.[11]
North Ossetia | total N | % G-M201 | % G2a-P15 | % G2a1-P16 | % G2a1a-P18 | % G2a3b1-P303 | source | year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zil'ga | 23 | 57% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [33] | 2004 |
Zamankul | 23 | 61% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [33] | 2004 |
Alagir | 24 | 75% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [33] | 2004 |
Ardon | 28 | 21% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [34] | 2004 |
Digora | 31 | 74% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [34] | 2004 |
Ossetian | 166 | 68% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [34] | 2004 |
N. Ossetians | 132 | 69% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [31] | 2009 |
Ossets-Iron | 230 | 1% | 73% | 1% | [32] | 2011 | ||
Ossets-Digor | 127 | 0% | 56% | 5% | [32] | 2011 |
The G concentrations at Alagir and Digora represent the highest reported concentrations of G in any locale in the world. Though not stated in the 2004 studies, most of these were likely typical G2a1a type of G based on corresponding STR marker values.
n.w. Caucasus people | total N | % G-M201 | % G2a-P15 | % G2a1-P16 | % G2a1a-P18 | % G2a3b1-P303 | source | year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shapsug | 106 | 81% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [31] | 2009 |
Shapsug | 100 | 86% | [32] | 2011 | ||||
Cherkessians | 126 | 45% | N/A | N/A | N/A | [27] | 2011 | |
Karachays | 69 | 32% | N/A | N/A | N/A | [27] | 2011 | |
Circassians | 48 | 31% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | [31] | 2009 |
Circassians | 142 | 1% | 9% | 30% | [32] | 2011 | ||
Balkars | 135 | 32% | N/A | N/A | N/A | [27] | 2011 |
The reported high G concentration among the Shapsugs of the far northwestern Caucasus represents the highest percentage of G among any group worldwide. This is the highest percentage of G in a single population in the world – slightly higher than among the Madjars of Kazakhstan.
A 2009 study[30] that concentrated on Balkarian men found 28.9% G. The location was not specified, but Balkarians live mostly in the Kabardino-Balkar Republic in the north Caucasus in a location consistent with the map the authors provided. Another study that was not geographically precise found that among 155 Adyghe men,47.7% were haplogroup G.[11]
n.e. Caucasus people | total N | % G-M201 | % G2a-P15 | % G2a1-P16 | % G2a1a-P18 | % G2a3b1-P303 | source | year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lezgins | 31 | 10% | N/A | N/A | N/A | [27] | 2011 | |
Avars | 42 | 0% | N/A | N/A | N/A | [27] | 2011 | |
Avars | 115 | 1% | 9% | [32] | 2011 |
In a 2009 study on the highland northeastern Caucasus,[35] these percentages of G were found in the following populations:
people | pop. (2002) | total N | G % | N=G |
---|---|---|---|---|
Avars | ~1,000,000 | 20 | 5% | 1 |
Chechens-Akkins | 425,526 (2002) | 20 | 5% | 1 |
Kubachi people | -- | 14 | 0% | 0 |
Laks | ~140,000 | 21 | 4.8% | 1 |
Tabasarans | ~132,000 | 30 | 3.3% | 1 |
None of these men were found G1 (M285+) or G2a (P15+).
In a 2003 study these percentages of G were found in the following central north Caucasus populations:[26]
people | pop. (2002) | total N | G % | N=G |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kabardin | 21,808 (2002) | 59 | 29% | 17 |
Ingush | ~600,000 | 22 | 27% | 6 |
Chechen | 425,526 (2002) | 19 | 5% | 1 |
Dargin | 365,804 (2002) | 26 | 4% | 1 |
In a 2006 doctoral dissertation dealing with the northeastern Caucasus area,[36] the following were reported:
people | pop. (2002) | N | G2a-P15 % | N G2a-P15 | G2a1-P16? | N G2a1-P16? | total G % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andi | 21,808 (2002) | 49 | 6% | 3 | - | - | 6% |
Lezgin | ~600,000 | 31 | 58% | 18 | - | - | 58% |
Dargin | 425,526 (2002) | 68 | 3% | 2 | - | - | 3% |
Kumyk | 365,804 (2002) | 76 | 11% | 8 | 1% | 1 | 12% |
Chamalal | ~5000 | 27 | - | - | 19% | 5 | 19% |
Note: The above study by Yunusbaev (2006) showed the tiny population of Northeast Caucasian language family Andic-speaking Chamalal to be 19% (N=5/27) G2a-P15, and all of this was an unknown sub-clade of G2a-P15 listed as "G2c" which was not defined in 2006 when this study was conducted (no SNP testing was done for true G2c-M377). Since this study tested only G-M201 and G2a-P15, it is possible that this sub-clade may actually be G2a1-P16, since a number of the likely G haplotypes from Daghestan are actually G2a1-P16. He also reported that 12% (N=76) of the Kumyks tested were G – with that figure composed of 11% G2a (P15+) and 1% (1/76) listed as "G2c", which again at the time a sub-clade of G2a-P15, likely G2a1-P16).
A 2009 presentation by Khadizhat Dibirova[31] indicated the following percentages:
people | pop. (2002) | total N | G % | N=G |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terek Cossacks | 425,526 (2002) | 86 | 53.5% | 46 |
Lezgin | ~600,000 | 90 | 5.6% | 5 |
Avars | ~5000 | 108 | 12% | 13 |
Chechen (Chechnya & Ingushetia) | 178 | 5.6% | 10 | |
Chechen (Dagestan) | ~5000 | 72 | 4.2% | 3 |
Dargin | 425,526 (2002) | 86 | 2.3% | 2 |
Kaltagian | 30 | - | - | |
Kubachin | 56 | - | - |
In these Russian tablulations above (1) G2a3a-M406 man among the Avars and (1) G1-M285 man each found among Chechens and Adyghe were omitted to simplify the charts.
Among 6 samples taken in Cambodia, none were G.[37]
These percentages of G were found in the following number of samples from China in a 2006 study:[38] (a) The Turkic Uyghurs who live primarily in far northwestern China 4.5% of 67. (b) The northern Han 2.3% of 44. (c) The southern Han 0% of 40. (d) Tibet 0% of 105. (e) The Zhuang who live in southern China or Vietnam, 0% of 20. (f) The Yao of southern China 0% of 60. (g) In Manchuria or among the Manchus in northeastern China, 0% of 93. (h) The Evenks who live principally along the border of northeastern China 0% of 31. (i) The Oroqen of northeastern China 0% of 22. (j) The Yi who live principally in southern China and who speak a Burmese language 0% of 43. (k) The Tujia of central China, 0% of 47.
A study that sampled five southern Chinese groups found the following percentages of G: (1) The Han less than 1% G in 166 samples. (2) The Miao 0% of 58. (3) The She 0% of 51. (4) The Tujia 0% of 49. (5) The Yao 0% of 60.[21]
A study that concentrated on the island of Hainan off the southeastern Chinese coast found 0% G among 405 men from various island aborigine groups.[39]
A study that concentrated on the Mang of Yunnan Province in southern China found no G among 65 samples.[40]
Another study that sampled Tibet found 0% G among 156 samples[41]
A 2010 study of northwestern China found G (M201) in 2% of 41 Kazakhs; 2% of 31 Tajikes; and 2% of 23 Ozbeks. No G was found among Tu, Xibo, Mongolian, Tataer, Ughur, Yugu, Kirghiz, Russ, Dongxiang, Bao'an and Salar persons.[42]
These studies are inadequate for determining, among other things, the G percentage within the enormous Han population of China. The Athey haplogroup predictor[7] can provide an estimate of the G population when applied to the 8580 STR samples in the YHRD database. This tool, on the one hand, used no Chinese samples to arrive at its algorithms, but on the other hand the results from applying the predictor to those Chinese samples in YHRD supplied by known research studies are generally in close agreement with the predictions.
Within the 5856 Han samples in YHRD, 0.19% are predicted G. This very low percentage, nevertheless, represents about 1.13 million Han men. These 11 Han samples are heavily concentrated in northern China.
The predictor also indicated 4.7% of 321 Xibe samples were G. And 4% of 177 Uyghur samples were G. And 2.3% of 133 Salar samples were G. And 1.7% of 236 Manchu samples were G. And 1.2% of 321 Tibetan samples were G. This latter finding differs from the research studies which found no G there. Less than 1% G was predicted for the Yi, Hui and Mongolian samples. Virtually all these samples from minority Chinese populations were gathered in northern China.
No G at all was predicted for the southern Chinese ethnic groups: the Qiang, Hezhan, Hani, She, Zhuang, Buyi and Yao. In addition, several northern Chinese populations have no predicted G: the Oroqen, Ewenki, Tuva, Daur as well as Koreans in China.
Based on marker values, most YHRD Chinese samples have features of types of G2a. And G1 and G2a1 probably represent the rest. G2c and G2a3a do not seem represented.
In 132 samples taken in Taiwan, 0% were G.[38]
Among 48 samples taken among Taiwanese aboriginals, none were G.[21]
In 405 samples taken in India, 1.5% were G.[21]
In another study that concentrated on south Indian locations,[43] less than 1% of 155 samples was G in Tamil Nadu, and the G percentage in Andhra Pradesh was 1% of 167 samples.
A study that sampled 1052 men within 25 diverse populations in India, only one man was G. This person was included in the samples labeled Kash. Pandit.[44]
A study that sampled 1074 men within 77 diverse Indian populations found only one man in central India who was G.[45]
Another study found in 560 samples from northern India that 4% were G.[46] The authors found no G among 96 Bhargavas or 88 Chaturvedis (both Brahmins), but 1.7% of 118 other Brahmins, 9.7% of 154 Shia and 5.8% of 104 Sunni samples were G.
In a study of 286 men belonging to two tribal groups of Andhra Pradesh in southern India, as well as five caste groups from various parts of India, only one man in West Bengal was G.[47]
In a study of 728 Indian samples taken from among 36 populations and 18 castes, 1.2% were G. These were all G2a (P15+) men.[37] In this study many of the G2a men were contained within the samples of the Dravidian upper caste where G persons comprised 11.9% of 59 samples.
In a study sampling 45 Cochin Jews from southern India, none were haplogroup G. This same study found 6.5% of 31 Bene Israel Jews from Mumbai were G.[11]
In the YHRD database, among 44 samples taken among the Afridi Pashtuns in Uttar Pradesh, northern India, 28 (64%) were found to belong to haplogroup G.
In 80 samples taken in Indonesia, 0% were G.[38]
In another study confined to Western New Guinea none of 183 samples were G.[48]
In a study of the northwestern end of the island of New Guinea among 162 samples from 13 populations none were G.[49]
In anoher study confined to the island of Sumba no G was found among 352 samples.[50]
A study that gathered 552 samples in Bali, 21 in western Indonesia and 55 in eastern Indonesia failed to find any G persons.[21]
Of 33 samples taken in northern Iran, 15.2% were G. Of these 5 samples, 4 were G2a (P15+). And 12.8% of 117 samples from the south of that country were G. In this latter location the percentage of G1 almost equaled the G2a percentage. The authors did not provide information about locations sampled.[51]
Of 91 samples taken at unstated location(s) in northern Iran (2009), 2.2% were G.[3]
Of 50 samples taken from the Mazandarani in northern Iran west of the Caspian Sea, 14% were G. Likewise of 50 samples from the Gilaki in the same area, 10% were G.[52]
Of 50 samples taken from the Talysh along the southwestern shore of the Caspian Sea in north central Iran, 2% were G.[28]
Samples were taken in another study in Khuzestan Province of west central Iran, and 15% G found among 53 Bakhtiari in Izeh and 6% G among Arabs in Ahvaz.[53]
In a study of Jewish men, there were no haplogroup G men among 49 men with Iranian origins.[11]
In 259 samples taken among the following groups or locations in Japan: Ainu, Aomori, Okinawa, Shizuoka, Tokushima and Kyushu 0% were G.[38]
In another study, among 23 samples taken in Japan, none were G.[37]
In a study of the Madyars in the Torgay area of Kazakhstan, 86.7% of 45 samples were G. This is the highest concentration of G reported anywhere in the world so far. All the samples were G1.[54]
In 75 samples taken in Korea, 0% were G.[38] Among another 85 samples also taken in 2006 in Korea, 0% were G.[55]
In 32 samples taken among Malays (presumably from Malaysia), 6.3% were G.[21]
In 149 samples taken in Mongolia, 0.7% were G.[38] On 47 samples taken also in 2006 in Mongolia, 0% were G.[55]
In 188 samples taken in 3 locations in Nepal, none were G.[41]
Of 638 samples taken in Pakistan, 2.7% were G.[56] This same study found the percentage of G among 96 samples from Pakistani Pathans was 11.5%; among 44 samples from Kalash men was 18.1% and among 97 samples from Burusho men was 1% – all groups of northern Pakistan.
Among 176 Pakistani samples gathered in another study, G2a (P15+) men represented 4.6% of the total. G1 (M285+) men represented 0.6%, and G2c (M377+) men were 1.1%.[37]
In a large study of Northern Island Melanesia within Papua New Guinea (2006) none of 685 samples was G.[57] Most of these were Papuan-speaking persons.
In 46 samples taken in Papua New Guinea (2006), 0% were G.[21]
In another study (2008) 19 samples taken on the island of New Britain none were found to be G, and none of 52 samples in the Trobriand Islands were G.[48] In this same study, on the mainland of Papua New Guinea none of 197 samples were listed as G.
In a 2006 study, in Russia among 98 Altai samples, 1% were G.[38] The Altai or Altay are a Turkic group overlapping Mongolia and south central Russia. In this same study among the Buryats, a Mongol people who live principally just north of Mongolia, 1.2% of 81 samples were G, and no G at all was found among 31 samples from the Evens who live principally in the far northeastern area of Russia.
In another 2006 study concentrating on the southern Siberian border region,[55] going from west to east: (a) Of 92 samples from the Turkic Altaian-Kizhi, 1.1% G. (b) Of 47 samples from the Teleuts, 0% G. (c) Of 51 samples from the Turkic Shors 0% G. (d) Of 53 samples from the Turkic Khakassians, 0% G. (e) Of 113 samples from the Mongolized Turkic Tuvinians, 0.9% G. (f) Of 36 samples from the Turkic Todjins, 0% G. (g) Of 53 samples from the Turkic Tofalars, 0% G. (g) Of 34 samples from Sojots, 2.9% G. (h) Of 238 samples from the Mongol Buryats, 0.4% G. Much farther to the north among 50 Evenks, 0% G.
Another 2006 study[58] covered primarily the northeastern area of Siberia where Yakuts and Yakut-speaking Evenks live. The authors did not test for G, but the report suggests the men all belonged instead to the haplogroups shown in the report.
A 2008 study concentrated on two populations of northwestern Siberia. Among 63 Mansi, 4% were G, and among 106 Khanty none were G.[59]
In a small study of 18 Siberian samples, none were G.[37]
In 91 samples taken in Sri Lanka in one study 5.5% were G.[21]
In another study of Sinhalese men, none of 39 samples was G.[47]
A study of 15 Jewish men from Uzbekistan found 0% were haplogroup G.[11] This same study, however, referred to a mixture of studies in which 22% of other Uzbek Jewish men samples belonged to haplogroup G.
In 70 samples taken in Vietnam, 0% were G.[21]
Among 55 samples taken in Albania, 1.8% were G2a (P15+).[30] None were G2a3a (M406+).
A survey of the general population of Austria based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of samples from there in the YHRD database[6] indicates 7.0% (n=16) of 230 samples in the Tyrol and none of 66 samples from Vienna and 1.5% (n=1) at Graz are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[7] Several additional samples are borderline for being G.
A survey of the general population of Belgium based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 113 samples from Leuven in the YHRD database[6] indicates 1.8% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[7]
A 2010 study of DNA Project Oud-Hertgodom Brabant found that 3.6% of 893 samples were haplogroup G2a among those with eastern Belgian ancestry.[60]
In a study of men from "Belorussia", less than 1% of 196 samples was haplogroup G.[11]
Among 81 Serbs in Bosnia, 1.2% were found to be G2a (P15+), and among 90 Croats in Bosnia none were G.[30] And in this same study among 84 Bosnians 3.6% were G2a (P15+). In none of these groups was any G2a3a (M406+) found.
In another study among 69 samples in Bosnia, 4.4% were G, and among 141 samples in Herzegovina none were G.[61]
A survey of the general population of Bulgaria based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 122 samples from there in the YHRD database[6] indicates 4.9% (n=6) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[7]
Among 89 samples taken in Croatia, 1.1% were G2a (P15+).[30] In this same study, 29 samples were taken separately in the far eastern city of Osijek, and 13.8% were G2a (P15+). The G2a samples were also tested for G2a3a (M406), and none was found.
In another study, among 108 samples from 5 Croatian mainland locations, 0.9% were G.[61]
In yet another study, among 99 samples on the Croatian mainland, less than 1% were G. On the island of Krk, among 74 samples, none were G; on the island of Brač 6% of 49 samples were G; on the island of Korčula, 10.4% of 134 samples were G; and 1.1% of 91 samples on the island of Hvar were G.[62]
Among 257 samples from the Czech Republic, 5.1% were G and were overwhelmingly G2a (P15+).[63]
In another study, among 75 samples from Czechs, 4.0% were G2a (P15+).[30] None of these was G2a3a (M406+)
A survey of the general population of Denmark based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 247 samples from there in the YHRD database[6] indicates 1.2% (n=3) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[7] There are several additional samples that might be G.
A survey of the general population of Estonia based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 133 samples from Tartu in the YHRD database[6] indicates none are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[7] Several additional samples are borderline for being G.
A study found 5% of 40 samples from Ostrobothnia (Osterbotten) in Finland were G.[64]
A survey of the general population of Finland based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 399 samples from there in the YHRD database[6] indicates 0.5% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[7]
In a 2003 study, in 23 samples taken somewhere in France (2003), 0% were G, but 11.8% of 34 samples on the island of Corsica were G.[65]
An approximation method based on use of STR markers from 109 samples from Paris in the YHRD database[6] indicates 1.8% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[7] And in 99 similar samples from Strasbourg in the far northeast, 4% (n=4) are G.
A survey of the general population of Germany based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation method based on STR markers in samples in the YHRD database[6] using the Athey haplogroup predictor[7] indicates the following G percentages among samples from these German cities: (a) Freiburg in the southwest, 433 samples of which 4.4% (n=19) are G; (b) Munich in the southeast, 281 samples of which 5.3% (n=15) are G; (c) Chemnitz in the northeast. 820 samples of which 3.8% (n=31) are G.
In 76 samples taken somewhere in Greece (2003), 2.6% were G.[65] In 77 samples taken somewhere in Greece (2007), 9.1% were G.[56]
In another study[30] 3.3% of 92 Greek samples were G. This 3.3% was composed of 1.1% G2a3a (M406+) and the remainder other types of G2a.
Among 193 samples (2008) taken on the island of Crete, 10.9% were G. Among 57 samples taken on the Peloponnese, 5.3% were G. And at several mainland Greek sites, 4.4% were G.[66]
Another study that focused on Crete (2007), found 7.7% of 104 samples in the central part of the island were G, and that 6.3% of 64 samples on the eastern end were G.[67]
A survey of the general population of Greenland based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 342 samples from there in the YHRD database[6] indicates none are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[7]
In 100 samples taken in Hungary, 3.0% were found to G, and all were G2a (P15+).[68]
In another study, among 53 samples from Hungary, 1.9% were G2a (P15+).[30] None of these were G2a3a (M406+)
A survey of the general population of Iceland based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 100 samples from there in the YHRD database[6] indicates none are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[7]
Among 796 samples taken in all areas of Ireland, none were G.[69] The actual figure in the population is certainly not zero because there are dozens of samples from Irish ancestry persons in various databases.
In a large 2007 study of 11 regions of peninsular Italy and Elba,[70] 10.7% of 699 samples were G. The authors did not sample the northwestern Milan area and the high mountains of the central north. The Val Badia samples in the far northeast of Italy had an aytpical low 3% of 34 samples. The other areas all ranged 7% to 15% G. Elba had 11% of 95 samples as G.
A 2003 study of Italy had found 11.8% of 51 samples in Sicily; 8.1% of 37 samples in Calabria; 14.1% of 78 samples in Sardinia; and 10% of 50 samples in north central Italy were G.[65]
In another 202 samples taken in Sardinia 13.9% were G.[71] The authors noted the percentage at the sampled sites in the north of the island were 10.4% G, in the central-eastern area 11.1% but only 6.5% in the southwestern area.
And another Sardinian study of 930 males found 12.6% as G. Among a subgroup of these 930 where geographical information was available, the percentage on the southeastern coast was 13.9%; on the northeastern coast 20.9% and 13.9% in the inland central area.[72] This study indicated an unusual percentage of G men there with STR marker value of 23 at DYS390—a percentage not seen in continental Europe where the 23 value is uncommon.
In another Sardinian study confined to towns in the northern sector of the island, 14% of 100 samples were all found to be G2a (P15+) based only on a probability calculation.[73] The G2 category as represented by P15 became G2a in the period in which this study was conducted. The men were predicted just "G2" in the study. But P15 (now G2a) was probably the intended category.
A study that sampled only northeastern Italy found 11.3% G2a (P15+) among 67 samples.[30] None of these were G2a3a (M406+).
A study that focused on the northeastern coast of Italy south of Venice, found among 163 samples that 8.6% were G.[74]
A study that concentrated on 19 upland areas in the Marches region of central Italy found 7.4% G among 162 samples.[75]
A study that concentrated on Sicily found among 236 samples 5.9% were G.[76] This 5.9% figure was divided into 5.5% G2a (P15+) and the remainder other types of G. There were notable high G2a percentages in Caccamo (25% of 16 samples), in Troina (13.3 % of 30 samples) and in Sciacca (10.7% of 27 samples).
Some countries recognize Kosovo as a country, and others consider it part of Serbia. Among 113 samples taken among Albanians in Kosovo, none were G.[61]
A survey of the general population of Latvia based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 145 samples from Riga in the YHRD database[6] indicates none are definitively G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[7] Several samples are possibly G.
A survey of the general population of Lithuania based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 157 samples from Vilnius in the YHRD database[6] indicates 1.3% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[7] One additional sample is borderline for being G.
In a study of Greeks in Macedonia 1.8% of 57 samples were found to be G2a3a (M406+).[30] In this same study, a separate sampling of Albanians in Macedonia, 1.6% of 64 samples were G2a (P15+) but not G2a3a (M406+).
In a general study of Macedonia, 5.1% of 79 samples were G.[61] This study also found among 57 Romani in Macedonia none were G.
In 187 samples taken in Malta, 8% were G.[9]
In 89 samples taken among the Turkic-speaking Gagauzes of southern Moldova 13.5% were G.[77]
A survey of the general population of the Netherlands based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 211 samples from there in the YHRD database[6] indicates 4.3% (n=9) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[7]
A survey of the general population of Norway based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 230 samples from there in the YHRD database[6] indicates 1.3% (n=3) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[7] Several additional samples are borderline for being G.
Among 99 samples taken in Poland, 0% were found to be G.[30]
Additional information is available in the form of approximations based on the Polish STR-marker samples in the YHRD database.[6] The G samples were identified using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[7] Among 182 samples taken in the general population at Bialystok in the northeast, 0.5% (n=1) were G. At this same locale among Belarusians 0.6% (n=1) of 157 samples were G; among 129 Old Believers none were G; among 124 Tatars 0.8% (n=1) were G. In the northwest at Szczecin among 105 samples 1% (n=1) was G. In the south at Krakow among 207 samples, 0.5% (n=1) were G. In the southeast at Lublin among 246 samples, 0.5% (n=1) were G.
In 60 samples taken in northern Portugal, 12% were found to be G, and 9% of 78 samples in the south of the country were G.[1]
In another study, among 109 samples taken in northern Portugal, 7.3% were G.[78]
In a Portuguese study that also included the Atlantic islands, 3.1% of samples in Madeira were G, and 8.3% of 121 samples from the Azores were G. In northern Portugal, 5% of 101 samples were G; in central Portugal 7.8% of 102 samples were G; and 7% of 100 samples in southern Portugal.[79]
In 97 samples taken among Hungarian-speaking Skelzers in Transylvania in Romania, 5.2% were found to G, and all were G2a (P15+).[68]
In a more general survey of the Romanian population based on 102 samples of STR markers in the YHRD database[6] 2.0% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[7] One additional sample is borderline for being G.
Western Russia. In a 2008 study,[80] 259 samples taken in three cities in the northernmost third of western Russia, about 1% were G2a (P15+). In 246 samples from three cities south of there closer to Moscow about 1% were G, with more G1 men than G2a found. In 132 samples from two cities near the border with Latvia and Estonia 0% were G. In 107 samples from a city near the border with Belarus, 0% were G. In 394 samples from four cities near the border with the Ukraine about 1% were G2a. And in 90 samples from among the Kuban Cossacks in the south, 1.1% were G2a.
And in a 2006 study[55] of 414 samples presumably from western Russia (according to a map provided) 1.2% were G. In this same study among 68 Kalmyks of Mongolian origin who live near the Caspian Sea in the south of western Russia, none were G. In another study of the Kalmyks in the Russian Republic of Kalmykia the authors found 1% G among 99 samples.[81]
Another study in 2008[82] reported on 545 samples from 12 locations in western Russia. Of these, 1.8% of the samples were G. The highest percentage was 9.5% of 42 samples in Orlovskaja Oblast, east of Belarus and north of the Ukraine.
In a study that sampled 116 men of Chuvash origin, 1.7% were haplogroup G.[11] While the study was not geographically precise as to origins, many Chuvash people live in the region south of Moscow.
Among 113 samples taken in Serbia, none were G.[61]
Among 75 samples taken in Slovenia 2.6% were G. This 2.6% was composed of 1.3% G2a3a (M406+) and 1.3% other types of G2a.[30]
Among 24 samples taken in the northeastern corner of Spain, 8.3% were G.[65] In a larger study covering about 600 mainland Spanish samples outside the Basque area, the average was about 5% G with the highest percentage recorded in Castilla-La Mancha (10%), and the lowest in parts of Andalusia and Castile (3%).[1]
In another study, among 258 samples taken in 5 populations in southern Spain, about 3% were G.[78] This same study found in 3 populations in northwestern Spain among 149 samples, about 7% were G, and in the northeastern quarter of Spain in two populations none of 52 samples were G.
Among 221 samples from Basque people in Spain 1.4% were G.[83] Of these 168 were living in the three Basque provinces. All were G2a (P15+). Another study found 0% of 116 samples in Basque country were G.[1]
In a study only of Cantabria just west of the Basque Autonomous Community in northwestern Spain, 7.6% of 118 samples from 3 groupings were G.[84]
A study only of Andalusia in southern Spain found that 2.1% of Andalusians were G. And of 68 separate samples specifically from the Pedroches Valley (Valle de los Pedroches) in Andalusia 2.9% were G.[10]
In the Balearic Islands 6% of 62 samples in Majorca were G; 0% of 37 samples in Minorca were G, but 13% of 54 samples in Ibiza were G.[1]
Among 305 samples taken in seven regions of Sweden 1.6% were G. The authors also found 0% G in 38 samples from nomadic Saami men of Sweden.[64]
A survey of the general population of Switzerland based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers of 348 samples from there in the YHRD database[6] indicates 4.3% (n=15) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[7] An additional sample is borderline for being G.
A survey of the general population of the United Kingdom for G based on testing of SNPs is lacking, but an approximation based on the STR markers in the YHRD database[6] indicates 3.4% (n=8) of 285 samples from London are G and 1% (n=1) of 97 samples from Birmingham are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[7]
Among 92 samples taken in the Ukraine, 3.3% were found G2a (P15+).[30] None of these belonged to G2a3a (M406+).
An approximation of SNP results based on the STR markers of 183 samples from Kiev in the YHRD database[6] indicates 1.1% (n=2) are G using the Athey haplogroup predictor.[7]
Among 33 samples taken among Australian Aborigines of Australia, 0% were G. [38]
Among 77 samples taken in the Cook Islands none were G.[48]
Among 105 samples taken in Fiji none were listed as G.[48]
Among 9 samples taken in Niue none were G.[48]
In 48 samples taken in the Philippines 0% were G.[21]
Among 61 samples taken in Samoa none were G.[48]
Among 30 samples gathered in the Solomon Islands none were G.[85]
Among 6 samples taken in Tokelau, none were G.[48]
Among 29 samples taken in Tonga, none were G.[48]
Among 100 samples taken in Tuvalu none were G.[48]
Among 50 samples taken in East Futuna, none were G.[48]
Among 245 men sampled in Cuba, 6.1% were G.[86]
Among 2517 persons in the United States of America from a wide variety of locales, 2.5% were found to be G. When restricted to those with European ancestry the percentage rises to about 4%. African-Americans were about 1% G, and Native Americans 0.3%.[87]
In a study of 48 Apalai men from the Amazon in Brazil none were G.[88]
In a study of 103 men from 4 Native American groups in French Guiana none were G.[88]
In a study of 28 Machiguenga men from south inland Peru none were G.[88]